南方酸化红壤钾素淋溶对施石灰的响应

为探究石灰施用的长期和短期效应对酸化红壤钾素的影响，依托始于1990年的国家红壤肥力与肥料效益监测长期定位试验，选取化肥氮磷配施(NP)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、氮磷钾配施+半量秸秆还田(NPKS)及其增加常量石灰（NPL、NPKL、NPKSL）6个处理。室内土柱淋溶试验设置0 L、0.5 L、1 L和1.5 L石灰施用量，监测田间和淋溶后0 ~ 50 cm土层速效钾和缓效钾含量、pH及淋溶液中钾离子（K⁺）含量的变化。结果表明：1）施用石灰4年后，与NPKS、NPK、NP相比，各处理均增加了相应土层的缓效钾含量；NPKSL和NPL处理分别增加了0 ~ 40 cm和0~10 cm速效钾含量，增幅分别为2.06 % ~ 36.39 %和27.26 %。2）石灰施用量相同，各处理土壤累积K⁺淋溶量由大到小依次为NPKS处理、NPK处理和NP处理。施用石灰减少了NPKS和NPK处理淋溶液中累积K⁺含量，降幅为18.10 % ~ 57.70 %，且K⁺淋溶率也下降。3）施石灰提高了表层土壤pH；土壤中钾素盈余情况下，石灰当季施用量每增加1 000 kg·hm^-2，K⁺淋溶损失率降低11.7%；施用石灰和施肥是显著影响平均淋溶K⁺量和K⁺累积淋溶量的主效应。可见，施用石灰的短期和长期效应均能提高表层土壤pH；减少速效钾在剖面的运移，增加剖面下层缓效钾的含量；土壤淋溶K⁺量、累积K⁺淋溶量和K⁺淋溶率均随土壤中速效钾含量的增加而增加，随施用石灰而降低。合理的石灰用量能够有效降低酸化红壤K⁺淋溶损失风险。     

基于Labview的植物红光吸收动态监测

为了动态监测植物生长过程中对红光的吸收，提出了一种基于Labview光频转换接收探头透射法实时监测植物红光吸收的检测方案，该方案属于无损检测，具有操作安全、简便的特点。     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

用SahysMod模型研究不同灌排管理情景土壤水盐动态

银北灌区是宁夏土地整治和高标准灌溉绿洲农田建设的重点区域。该区域耕荒地交错分布、土壤盐渍化严重。通过模型分区模拟,在土地整治过程中建立完整、配套的灌排系统是解决区域土壤盐渍化的有效措施。该研究以银北灌区典型区域-西大滩为例,综合考虑荒地与耕地土壤属性的空间变异性,以2015—2016年土壤盐分数据进行率定,2017年盐分数据作为验证,利用SahysMod探索在土地整治过程中不同灌排管理下未来10 a内土壤水盐动态变化。结果表明,现有灌排管理下(即灌水量为670 mm,灌溉水电导率为1.05 dS/m,排水沟深1.5 m),荒地土壤盐分在预测初期(2017—2022年)逐年升高,预测后期(2023—2027年)变化平缓;耕地土壤盐分在预测初期变化缓慢,预测后期逐年增加。加大灌水量是解决土壤盐渍化的一个重要途径,可以有效延迟耕地盐分累积到障碍水平的时间;在灌溉水电导率为0.6 dS/m情况下,未来10 a内耕地都不会受到盐害胁迫;现有灌排管理下,在2024年以后作物生长就会受到盐害胁迫,当灌溉水电导率继续增加时,作物生长受到胁迫的时间相应提前。通过土地整治,加深排水沟深度可以延迟土壤盐分达到障碍水平的时间。在整治过程中深为2.2 m的排水沟,可保证未来10 a内耕地盐分小于1.7 dS/m,区域内玉米可正常生长。研究可为在土地整治过程中的灌排管理及土壤盐渍化防治提供建议。     

新时期红色文化在江西高校的传承与发展

红色文化在我国当代文化体系建设中占据着重要的地位，积极地传承和发展红色文化，丰富 其内涵，对建立民族文化自信有重要的价值。当代大学生作为祖国的希望，是实现中国梦的主力军， 而红色文化教育是进一步提升我国文化软实力、建设文化强国的重要途径。本文从传播发展红色文 化的必要性和重要性入手，就新时期红色文化在江西高校中的传承和发展现状、存在问题、发展对策 做分析，总结出高校红色文化教育可以将本土红色文化旅游基地作为教育实践基地，利用社会实践让 学生走进具有浓郁乡村特色的红色文化基地，亲身其感受、体验红色文化。旨在     

酸性土壤中决明属牧草高效根瘤菌的分离及筛选

为提高豆科决明属（Chamaecrista spp.）牧草的结瘤能力和固氮效率，促进决明属牧草在酸性土壤中的应用及推广，本研究以圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）和羽叶决明（Chamaecrasta nictitans）为试验材料，通过分离、纯化、nodA基因鉴定等方法，从酸性土壤里决明属牧草的根瘤中分离到10株候选根瘤菌株系。16S rDNA测序及系统发育树分析表明，这10株根瘤菌均属于慢生型根瘤菌。回接试验表明，上述10株根瘤菌均能与圆叶决明共生，形成根瘤。与不接种的对照相比，其固氮酶活性为0.08~4.65 μmol·g^-1·h^-1，植株干重、SPAD值和氮含量分别提高了99.17%~372.14%，399.27%~789.05%，235.00%~1043.33%。其中，4株根瘤菌TXR2，TXN1，WYSR1，JYN6对圆叶决明氮营养贡献最大，并且TXN1与宿主共生形成的根瘤数目最多，而JYN6的固氮酶活性最高。说明本研究分离鉴定到4株决明高效根瘤菌，具有较好的应用前景。     

A two-year comparison on nutritive value and yield of eight lucerne cultivars and one red clover cultivar

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) are among the most common legume species used for ruminant feeding systems. Besides the greater nutritive quality and first-year ley yield compared to lucerne, red clover decreases its yield over the years. However, under unfavourable soil conditions the persistency of lucerne can be compromised, not performing as expected. This study compared yield and chemical composition of eight lucerne cultivars and one tetraploid red clover cultivar, with similar growth capacity as lucerne, replicated over two years. In the second year, four lucerne cultivars and the red clover cultivar were analysed for crude protein (CP) fractions, dry matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. A randomized block design was used with three field blocks per cultivar for the multiple comparisons within each year. There were differences in DM yield, concentrations of CP and NDF and CP fractions among the lucerne cultivars, but the differences were inconsistent between years and between growth cycles within year. The red clover cultivar had lower CP and NDF concentrations than a majority of the lucerne cultivars, and greater in vitro organic matter digestibility compared to all of the lucerne cultivars. Also, the red clover cultivar had greater rumen undegradable-to-degradable CP ratio but confirmed its lower yield persistency compared to the lucerne cultivars.     

Anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements in roadside topsoils of a suburban region of Bishkek,Central Asia

The ecological environment in Central Asia is vulnerable to pressure from human activity due to the physical geography and climatic fragility of this region. A set of indicators suitable for the future assessment of this pressure needs to be proposed. Thirty‐six topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected from roadsides in a suburban region of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic in Central Asia, and a risk assessment of anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was systematically conducted with classic statistical methods. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and principal component analysis clearly showed that topsoil samples with high contents of PTEs (Pb, Zn and Cu) were strongly affected by traffic within a distance threshold of 200 m and that anthropogenic effects decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. The enrichment factor and anthropogenic contribution for Pb were the highest among the three PTEs, with average values of 2.0% and 47.4%, respectively, suggesting enrichment. However, the results of the human health risk assessment also indicated that noncarcinogenic risks did not occur for any of the anthropogenic PTEs. The reported method provides a new systematic pathway to reveal anthropogenic influences on the geochemical composition of soil. The conclusions of this work will be highly valuable as important guidelines for agriculture, and the results of the PTE contents will provide a scientific basis for soil collection in future studies.     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害，基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果，收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息，分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物，其中，甲藻门最多，有10种；硅藻门次之，有5种；金藻门和黄藻门最少，各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中，除中华盒形藻外，其余16种均属于赤潮生物，这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域，应加强港口监控和管理，以防赤潮灾害。